Transcript levels in CCE WT and RARgamma knockout murine embryonic stem cells treated with either all-trans retinoic acid (8 and 24 hr) or with vehicle control

Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) , , and heterodimerize with Retinoid X receptors (RXR) , , and and bind the cis-acting response elements known as RAREs to execute the biological functions of retinoic acid during mammalian development. RAR mediates the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of retinoids in certain tissues and cancer cells, such as melanoma and neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, ablation of RAR enhanced the tumor incidence of Ras transformed keratinocytes and was associated with resistance to retinoid mediated growth arrest and apoptosis.

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Kashyap V, Laursen KB, Brenet F, Viale AJ, Scandura JM, Gudas LJ