The mechanisms involved in the maintenance of memory IgE responses are poorly understood, and the role played by germinal center (GC) IgE cells in these memory responses is particularly unclear. IgE B-cell differentiation is characterized by a transient GC phase, a bias towards the plasma cell (PC) fate, and dependence on sequential switching for the production of high-affinity IgE. We show here that IgE GC B cells are unfit to undergo the conventional GC differentiation program due to impaired B-cell receptor function and increased apoptosis. IgE GC cells fail to populate the GC light zone and are unable to contribute to the memory and long-lived PC compartments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that direct and sequential switching are linked to distinct B-cell differentiation fates: direct switching generates IgE GC cells, whereas sequential switching gives rise to IgE plasma cells. We propose a comprehensive model for the generation and memory of IgE responses.
The distinctive germinal center phase of IgE+ B lymphocytes limits their contribution to the classical memory response.
Specimen part, Treatment
View SamplesThis SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
Neuropilin 1 is expressed on thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells, but not mucosa-generated induced Foxp3+ T reg cells.
Specimen part
View SamplesiTreg cells from Tbmc mLN mice treated with one week of 1% Oral Ova were compared to Total Treg from WT mice.
Neuropilin 1 is expressed on thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells, but not mucosa-generated induced Foxp3+ T reg cells.
Specimen part
View SamplesTo compare subpopulations of Treg cells in wild type mice based upon Nrp1 Expression, differentiating nTreg and iTreg
Neuropilin 1 is expressed on thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells, but not mucosa-generated induced Foxp3+ T reg cells.
Specimen part
View SamplesPurpose: Mutations in several genetic loci lead to cardiac anomalies, with mutations in transcription factor NKX2-5 gene being one of the largest mutations known. Gestational hypoxia, such as seen in high-altitude pregnancy, has been known to affect cardiac development, and this paper aims to uncover information about the underlying mechanisms of this phenomena. Methods: Wild-type female mice were mated with Nkx2-5 mutant males, to produce offsprings. The pregnant females were then separated into two groups, one left in normal air and one breathing hypoxic, 14% oxygen, air from gestation day 10.5 to 12.5. Hearts were dissected from E12.5 embryos, subjected to RNA purification followed by RNA-seq. Wild-hypoxia and mutant-normoxia were compared to control wild-normoxia. Conclusions: The results of our study provide insights into a common molecular mechanism underlying non-genetic/epigenetic and genetic cardiac anomalies. Overall design: Embryonic mice were produced with either wild-type or mutant genomes, and some from each group were exposed to hypoxia during gestation, then physical analysis and RNA sequencing was done on the embryos.
Mechanism Sharing Between Genetic and Gestational Hypoxia-Induced Cardiac Anomalies.
Specimen part, Treatment, Subject
View SamplesThis SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
LEADeR role of miR-205 host gene as long noncoding RNA in prostate basal cell differentiation.
Cell line
View SamplesWe aimed at analyzing the transcriptome changes associated with the deletion of a portion of the Alu element from MIR205HG transcript
LEADeR role of miR-205 host gene as long noncoding RNA in prostate basal cell differentiation.
Cell line
View SamplesWe aimed at analyzing the transcriptome changes associated with MIR205HG knock-down in RWPE-1 cells
LEADeR role of miR-205 host gene as long noncoding RNA in prostate basal cell differentiation.
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View SamplesNeurotrophins are growth factors that are known to have a role in promoting cell survival and differentiation. The focus of the current study is to examine the role of neurotrophins in regulating ovarian primordial follicle development. Ovaries from 4-day old rats were placed into organ culture and cultured for 10 days in the absence or presence of neurotrophin-3 (NT3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or nerve growth factor (NGF). Treatment of ovaries with NT3 resulted in a significant (P<0.01) increase in primordial follicle development (i.e. primordial to primary follicle transition). Treatment with BDNF at high doses of 100250 ng/ml also significantly (P<0.01) increased primordial follicle development, but NGF had no effect. Immunohistochemical studies determined that NT3 was present in granulosa cells, interstitial tissue, and in the oocytes of primordial and primary follicles. The NT3 receptor NTRK3 was present in oocytes at all stages of development. Analysis of ovaries that contain predominantly primordial follicles demonstrated the transcripts for NT3, NTRK3, NGF, and the BDNF/neurotrophin-4 (NT4) receptor NTRK2 are expressed, while BDNF, NT4, and the NGF receptor NTRK1 are not detectable. Inhibition of the NTRK3 receptor with the tyrophostin AG 879 resulted in oocyte death and a significant (P<0.01) reduction in follicle pool size. Inhibition of the NTRK receptors with K252a slowed primordial to primary follicle transition. A microarray analysis demonstrated that a small number of genes were differentially expressed after NT3 treatment. Observations indicate that the neurotrophin NT3, acting through the NTRK3 receptor in oocytes, promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition. Reproduction (2009) 138, pp. 697-707
Neurotrophin NT3 promotes ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition.
Sex, Specimen part
View SamplesAims to look at the targets of the bHLH transcription factor in Arabidopsis roots.
A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor controls cell growth and size in root hairs.
Specimen part
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