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Mus musculus
12 Downloadable Samples
Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array (mogene10st)
Description
Microglia are resident CNS immune cells that are active sensors in healthy brain and versatile effectors under pathological conditions. Cerebral ischemia induces a robust neuroinflammatory response that includes marked changes in the gene expression and phenotypic profile of a variety of endogenous CNS cell types (astrocytes, neurons, microglia) as well as an influx of leukocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages, T-cells) from the periphery. Many molecules and conditions can trigger a transformation of resting (or surveying) microglia to an activated (alerted/reactive) state. Here we review recent developments in the literature that relate to microglial activation in the experimental setting of in vitro and in vivo ischemia. We also present new data from our own laboratory demonstrating the direct effects of in vitro ischemic conditions on the microglial phenotype and genomic profile. Emphasis is placed on the role of specific molecular signaling systems such as hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in regulating the microglial response in this setting. We then review histological and recent novel radiological data that confirms a key role for microglial activation in the setting of ischemic stroke in humans. We discuss recent progress in the pharmacological and molecular targeting of microglia in acute ischemic stroke. Finally, we explore how recent studies on ischemic preconditioning have increased interest in preemptively targeting microglial activation in order to reduce stroke severity.
Publication Title
Microglia in ischemic brain injury.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part
View Samples- Drosophila melanogaster
- 63 Downloadable Samples
Illumina HiSeq 2000
Description
As opposed to syndromic CNVs caused by single genes, extensive phenotypic heterogeneity in variably-expressive CNVs complicates disease gene discovery and functional evaluation. Here, we propose a complex interaction model for pathogenicity of the autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion, where CNV genes interact with each other in conserved pathways to modulate expression of the phenotype. Using multiple quantitative methods in Drosophila RNAi lines, we identify a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes for knockdown of individual 16p11.2 homologs in different tissues. We test 565 pairwise knockdowns in the developing eye, and identify 24 interactions between pairs of 16p11.2 homologs and 46 interactions between 16p11.2 homologs and neurodevelopmental genes that suppress or enhance cell proliferation phenotypes compared to one-hit knockdowns. These interactions within cell proliferation pathways are also enriched in a human brain-specific network, providing translational relevance in humans. Our study indicates a role for pervasive genetic interactions within CNVs towards cellular and developmental phenotypes. Overall design: mRNA-sequencing of Drosophila neuron-specific knockdown model heads for six 16p11.2 homologs and wild-type control. Sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 on three biological replicates per sample, with three technical replicates per biological replicate.
Publication Title
Pervasive genetic interactions modulate neurodevelopmental defects of the autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion in Drosophila melanogaster.
Sample Metadata Fields
Sex, Specimen part, Subject
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 16 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array (mogene10st)
Description
Renal hypoxia is widespread in acute kidney injury (AKI) of various aetiologies. Hypoxia adaptation, conferred through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), appears to be insufficient. Here we show that HIF activation in renal tubules through Pax8-rtTA-based inducible knockout of von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL-KO) protects from rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. In this model, histological observations indicate that injury mainly affects proximal convoluted tubules, with 5% necrosis at d1 and 40% necrosis at d2. HIF-1alpha up-regulation in distal tubules reflects renal hypoxia. However, lack of HIF in proximal tubules suggests insufficient adaptation by HIF.
Publication Title
Tubular von Hippel-Lindau knockout protects against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Disease, Disease stage, Treatment
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 12 Downloadable Samples
- Illumina HiSeq 2500, Illumina HiSeq 2000
Description
The circadian clock controls a wide variety of metabolic and homeostatic processes in a number of tissues, including the kidney. However, the role of the renal circadian clocks remains largely unknown. To address this question we performed transcriptomic analysis in mice with inducible and conditional ablation of the circadian clock system in the renal tubular cells (Bmal1lox/lox/Pax8-rtTA/LC1 mice). Deep sequencing of the renal transcriptome revealed significant changes in the expression of genes related to metabolic pathways and organic anion transport. In parallel, kidneys from Bmal1lox/lox/Pax8-rtTA/LC1 mice exhibited a significant decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio suggesting an increased anaerobic glycolysis and/or decreased mitochondrial function. In-depth analysis of two selected pathways revealed (i) a significant increase in plasma urea levels correlating with increased renal arginase 2 (Arg2) activity, hyperargininemia and increase of the kidney arginine content; (ii) a significantly increased plasma creatinine concentration and reduced capacity of the kidney to secrete anionic drugs (furosemide), paralleled by a ~80% decrease in the expression levels of organic anion transporter OAT3 (SLC22a8). Collectively, these results indicate that the renal circadian clocks control a variety of metabolic/homeostatic processes at both the intra-renal and systemic levels and are involved in drug disposition. Overall design: Mice with a specific ablation of the Arntl gene encoding BMAL1 in the renal tubular cells were compared to wild-type littermate at ZT4 and ZT16 (ZT – Zeitgeber time units; ZT0 is the time of light on and ZT12 is the time of light off).
Publication Title
Nephron-Specific Deletion of Circadian Clock Gene Bmal1 Alters the Plasma and Renal Metabolome and Impairs Drug Disposition.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Subject, Time
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 8 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (mouse4302)
Description
Normal erythropoiesis requires a critical balance between proapoptotic and antipaoptotic pathways. Bcl-xl, an antiapoptotic protein is induced at end-stages of differentiation of erythroid precursors in response to erythropoietin. The details of the proapoptotic pathway and the critical proapoptotic proteins inhibited by Bcl-xl in erythropoiesis are not well understood. We employed gene targeting to ablate Nix, a proapoptotic BH3-domain only Bcl2 family protein, which is known to be transcriptionally induced during erythropoiesis. Nix null mice exhibited reticulocytosis and thrombocytosis in the peripheral blood; and profound splenomegaly with erythroblastosis in the spleen and bone marrow despite normal erythropoietin levels and blood oxygen tension. In vivo apoptosis was diminished in erythroblast precursors from Nix null spleens. To define the molecular consequences of Nix ablation on apoptosis and erythropoiesis, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of gene expression in spleens from 8 week old Nix null mice and wild type controls. Of 45,101 genes analyzed, 514 were significantly upregulated and 386 down-regulated in Nix-/- splenocytes. Functional cluster analysis delineated the ten most highly regulated gene sets, revealing increased levels of cell cycle and erythroid genes, with decreased levels of cell death and B-cell genes.
Publication Title
Unrestrained erythroblast development in Nix-/- mice reveals a mechanism for apoptotic modulation of erythropoiesis.
Sample Metadata Fields
No sample metadata fields
View Samples- Homo sapiens
- 9 Downloadable Samples
- Illumina HiSeq 2500
Description
Dysfunctional mitochondria and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote chronic diseases, which have spurred interest in the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions. Previously, we have demonstrated that disruption of post-translational modification of proteins with ß-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O- glcnAcylation) via overexpression of the O-glcnAc–regulating enzymes O- glcnAc transferase (OGT) or O- glcnAcase (OGA) impairs mitochondrial function. Here, we report that sustained alterations in O- glcnAcylation either by pharmacological or genetic manipulation also alters metabolic function. Sustained O-glcnAc elevation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells increased OGA expression and reduced cellular respiration and ROS generation. Cells with elevated O-glcnAc levels had elongated mitochondria and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and RNA-Seq in SH-SY5Y cells indicated transcriptome reprogramming and down regulation of the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Sustained O-glcnAcylation in mice brain and liver validated the metabolic phenotypes observed in the cells, and OGT knockdown in the liver elevated ROS levels, impaired respiration, and increased the NRF2 antioxidant response. Moreover, elevated O-glcnAc levels promoted weight loss and lowered respiration in mice and skewed the mice toward carbohydrate-dependent metabolism as determined by indirect calorimetry. In summary, sustained elevation in O-glcnAcylation coupled with increased OGA expression reprograms energy metabolism, a finding that has potential implications for the etiology, development, and management of metabolic diseases. Overall design: SY5Y cells were adapted to long term O-glcnAcase (OGA) inhibition using the specific OGA inhibitor Thiamet-G (tmg) or glucosamine treatment for 3 weeks. After adaptation to the growth conditions, cells were harvest and RNA isolated for Next Generation RNA sequencing. Briefly, cDNA library was prepared using Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA sample preparation kit (Illumina) as manufacturer's instruction. Total RNA was isolated using the same method as previously described and 800 ng of the total RNA per reaction was used to initiate the protocol. The quality of RNA sequencing results was first assessed using FastQC (0.11.2). RSEM (1.2.22) was utilized to align the reads to the human reference genome HG38 and to calculate gene expression values. EdgeR (3.14.0) was then used to normalize the expression values using the TMM-method (weighted trimmed mean of M-values), and for differential expression analyses. First, the negative binomial conditional common likelihood was maximized to estimate a common dispersion value across all genes (estimateCommonDisp). Next, tagwise dispersion values were estimated by an empirical Bayes method based on weighted conditional maximum likelihood (estimateTagwiseDisp). Finally, the differentially gene expression was calculated by computing genewise exact tests for differences in the means between two groups of negative-binomially distributed counts. Hierarchical clustering analysis was determined using Euclidean distance. The following R-packages were utilized for calculations and visualizations: plots and edgeR.
Publication Title
Sustained <i>O-</i>GlcNAcylation reprograms mitochondrial function to regulate energy metabolism.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Cell line, Subject
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 6 Downloadable Samples
- Illumina Genome Analyzer II
Description
Goal of this study is to identify annotated and non-annotated genes transcriptionally regulated by small heterodime partner (SHP, Nrob2) expression. Overall design: Liver 5'' capped RNA samples from three SHP -/- and three wild type mice were sequenced with Illumina GAII sequencer.
Publication Title
A Novel Small Molecule Activator of Nuclear Receptor SHP Inhibits HCC Cell Migration via Suppressing Ccl2.
Sample Metadata Fields
Sex, Age, Specimen part, Subject
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 24 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (mouse4302)
Description
This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
Publication Title
Genomic binding of PAX8-PPARG fusion protein regulates cancer-related pathways and alters the immune landscape of thyroid cancer.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Treatment
View Samples- Mus musculus
- 24 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (mouse4302)
Description
PAX8-PPARG fusion protein (PPFP) results from a t(2;3)(q13;p25) chromosomal translocation, is found in 30% of follicular thyroid carcinomas, and demonstrates oncogenic capacity in transgenic mice. A PPARG ligand, pioglitazone, is highly therapeutic in mice with PPFP thyroid carcinoma. We used our previously characterized transgenic mouse model of PPFP thyroid carcinoma to identify PPFP binding sites in vivo using ChIP-seq, and to identify genes and pathways regulated by PPFP with and without pioglitazone treatment via integration with RNA-seq and Affymetrix microarray data. This submission contains the Affymetrix microarray data. PPFP and pioglitazone regulated genes involved in lipid and fatty acid metabolism, ribosome function, immune processes, cell death and other cancer-related processes. The RNA-seq data yielded similar findings.
Publication Title
Genomic binding of PAX8-PPARG fusion protein regulates cancer-related pathways and alters the immune landscape of thyroid cancer.
Sample Metadata Fields
Specimen part, Treatment
View Samples
GSE36314- Homo sapiens
- 7 Downloadable Samples
- Affymetrix Human Genome U95 Version 2 Array (hgu95av2)
Description
Human prolactinomas (n=4, 3 males and 1 female) were obtained during trans-sphenoidal surgery as part of an ongoing accession of human pituitary tumors. The study was approved Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Emory University, and informed consent obtained for all subjects. Tumors were microdissected and removed using the surgical microscope, rinsed in sterile saline, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored (-80 ) until analysis. Each tumor fragment was confirmed independently by a neuropathologist by histology and immunohistochemistry prior to molecular analysis. Three normal pituitary glands from cadavers were obtained from the National Resource Center (NDRI, www.ndriresource.org). Each human tissue sample was analyzed using Affymetrix Human Genome U95Av2 arrays.
Publication Title
Genomic characterization of human and rat prolactinomas.
Sample Metadata Fields
Sex, Specimen part
View Samples